States Debating on Union Structure: Centralization or Decentralization?

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, a long-standing issue in the Middle East, continues to be a topic of international concern. Over the years, various solutions have been proposed to resolve this complex dispute, each with its unique characteristics.

One of the most internationally supported frameworks is the two-state solution. This vision envisions two sovereign states—Israel and Palestine—living side by side in peace. The establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip is central to this approach, while Israel remains a separate state. Key elements include the return of the Palestinian National Authority to Gaza, disarmament of Hamas, and broad international supervision during reconstruction and governance transition. However, challenges such as security controls and political divisions in Gaza persist, making this solution contingent on both parties’ willingness to negotiate.

Another proposal is the one-state solution, also known as the "One Country, Two Systems" model. This concept suggests a single state encompassing both Israelis and Palestinians but allowing for separate legal or administrative systems within that state. The model is discussed as a possible alternative to the two-state approach but carries complex questions about political representation and rights.

A less explicitly detailed but still significant proposal is confederation or hybrid arrangements. These models generally refer to linked but distinct political entities cooperating on common issues such as security, economy, and infrastructure, balancing autonomy with shared governance.

In the midst of these proposals, the "Land for All" project emerges as a unique initiative. Recognizing two states, it aims for them to be confederated, with joint state institutions and an "open city" status for Jerusalem. The project emphasizes the enforcement of universal human rights, addressing the right to remain and return, as well as freedom of movement. It seeks to open rigid national identities and put aspects of "transformative justice," especially the right to return and reparations, on the agenda.

The history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is marked by significant events such as the Six-Day War in 1967, which resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights, becoming the occupying power under international law. The establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip has been delayed due to non-implementation of key points from the peace agreement.

The roles of Israeli right-wingers and Palestinian religious right-wingers have been significant in hindering the peace process. Today, approximately 800,000 Jewish settlers, many of whom are right-wing and heavily armed, live in the West Bank. The philosopher Hannah Arendt rejected the partition of Palestine and the establishment of an ethnically and religiously founded state, advocating instead for a binational trust territory under international supervision.

For the Palestinian side, the establishment of their own state alongside Israel seemed unacceptable due to the legitimization of the partition of the land and the displacement of nearly 700,000 Palestinians. As a proto-state institution, the Palestinian Authority has little legitimacy among its own population.

In conclusion, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict continues to be a complex issue, with various proposals for resolution. The two-state solution remains the dominant international framework, the one-state solution explores unified sovereignty with internal autonomy, and confederation-type models aim for cooperation between linked entities. The "Land for All" project offers a unique approach, advocating for a confederated state with a focus on universal human rights and transformative justice.

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